World Heart Care

A pharmacological  study of cardiac and neuronal medicines. In multiple heart disorders, cardiac or cardiovascular pharmacology discloses the practises of cardiac medicine, including cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, and cardiomyopathy. The focus of neuronal pharmacology is on neurological disorders and their pharmacological drug operations. Since almost every cardiac condition is interdependent on the nervous system, there is a physiological connexion between this cardiac and neuropharmacology. Nervous systems that are sympathetic and parasympathetic control the cardiac system internally.

• Pharmacotherapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Pharmacotherapy for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
• Drug Therapy for Systemic Hypertension
• Anti-Ischemic Drug Therapy

Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Diseases under the heart disease includes blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects you're born with (congenital heart defects), among others. Heart disease term is often used interchangeably with the cardiovascular disease. It generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart failure, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.

Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Not all conditions that lead to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and help you live longer. Lifestyle changes such as exercising, reducing salt in your diet, managing stress and losing weight can improve your quality of life. One way to prevent heart failure is to control conditions that cause heart failure, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity.

An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. When the heart beats faster than normal, it is called tachycardia. When the heart beats too slowly, it is called bradycardia. The most common type of arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation, which causes an irregular and fast heartbeat. Many factors can affect your heart's rhythm, such as having had a heart attack, smoking, congenital heart defects, and stress. Some substances or medicines may also cause arrhythmias.

Cardiac imaging, also known as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is a medical imaging technology for the non-nosed assessment of the cardiovascular system's function and structure using a medical imaging technique with a branch of cardiovascular imaging that clarifies heart and vascular system cross-sectional imaging studies using computed tomography (CT or 'CAT') and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Both CT and MRI are non-invasive imaging modalities that, using a strong magnetic field, radio waves and a computer, produce detailed images of the structures within the heart. It is used to diagnose or monitor cardiac disease and determine the anatomy and function of the heart in patients with congenital heart disease. In order to ensure maximum diagnostic efficacy in medical treatment while also reducing medical exposure to ionising radiation, MUSC runs the most up-to - date, cutting-edge imaging equipment.

• Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
• Clinical uses of cardiac imaging
• Cardiac MRI
• Physician impairment
• Echocardiography
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Nuclear medicine imaging
• Coronary catheterization
• Noninvasive cardiac imaging
• Intravascular ultrasound

Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle does not pump blood as effectively as it can, and is sometimes recognised as congestive heart failure. Some diseases, such as tapered heart arteries (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, ultimately make the heart too sluggish to pump. It is not possible to cure all problems that lead to heart failure, but therapies can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and enable people to live longer.

Cardiomyopathy is a category of diseases that change the heart muscle. Primary on there can be few or no symptoms. Due to the onset of heart failure, as the illness worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur. There can be an irregular heart rhythm and fainting. There is an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in those affected. Cardiomyopathy methods  consist of  dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, and cardiomyopathy with Takotsubo (broken heart syndrome).The cardiac muscle rises and thickens in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The ventricles in dilated cardiomyopathy increase and weaken. The ventricle stiffens during restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Coronary heart disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease, which means  that a common concept is the narrowing of the coronary arteries or the accumulation of plaques within the arteries that resize the coronary arteries. Blood is delivered to different parts of the body by arteries and provides oxygen and nutrients to the blood after the heart. The coronary arteries are vital: the heart muscle brings blood to the coronary arteries. So, as the coronary arteries grow smaller, the flow of blood to the heart muscles reduces. Chest pain or irritation that may flow through the shoulder, arm, back, spine, or jaw is a common symptom. It can feel like heartburn on an irregular basis. Symptoms usually occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a couple of minutes, and improve with rest. There may also be shortness of breath and often no signs are present. The first sign is a heart attack in most instances. Heart failure or an abnormal heartbeat are other complications.

• Coronary Artery Disease Risk, Prevention and Treatment Factors
• Coronary Artery Disease and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease
• Pathophysiology- lack of oxygen
• Risk factors of coronary heart disease
• Effective lifestyle- Secondary prevention
• New treatment options for coronary artery disease
• Coronary heart disease risk in women
• Coronary heart disease causes and development
• Coronary Artery Disease Angina

A state of elevated blood pressure inside the arteries of the lungs is pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN). Symptoms contains shortness of breath,  tiredness, syncope, chest pain, swelling of the legs, and a fast heartbeat. The condition can make it difficult to exercise. Onset is characteristically gradual. The cause is frequently unknown. Risk factors include family history, past lung blood clots, sickle cell disease, HIV / AIDS, cocaine use, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, sleep apnea, high altitude sleep, and mitral valve issues. Inflammation of the arteries in the lungs and subsequent remodelling are usually involved in the underlying mechanism. Diagnosis means first ruling out all alternate causes.

A venous thrombosis is a thrombosis in a vein, affected by a thrombus (blood clot). A common form of venous thrombosis is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a blood clot typically found in the deep veins of the leg. The deep veins of the arm are steadily observed, accounting for more than 10% of all deep vein thrombosis. It may become a pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot in the lungs, if the thrombus breaks off (embolizes) and flows into the lungs. This combination is referred to as venous thromboembolism. There are also many other types of venous thrombosis, some of which can also contribute to pulmonary embolism.

Heart Rhythm issues commonly called heart arrhythmias happens when the electrical motivations that arrange the heartbeats don't work appropriately, bringing about the heart to pulsate too quick, too moderate or unpredictably. Heart arrhythmias may feel like a vacillating or hustling heart and might be safe. Some heart arrhythmias may bring about annoying now and then even life-debilitating indications and signs. Heart arrhythmia treatment can regularly control quick, moderate or sporadic heartbeats. Likewise, in light of the fact that troublesome Heart arrhythmias are frequently provoked or are even brought on by a harmed heart or frail, the person might have the capacity to lessen your arrhythmia hazard by receiving a heart-sound way of life.

High blood pressure is also called Hypertension and it is a serious medical condition. It happens when the force of the blood pumping through your arteries is too strong. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessels walls, and the magnitude of this force only depends on the Cardiac Output and the resistance of the blood vessels. The high blood pressure usually does not cause any symptoms but the long term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for stroke, Coronary Artery Disease, peripheral vascular disease, Heart Failure, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease. Hypertension can strain the heart, damage blood vessels, kidney problems, and increase the risk of stroke, heart attack, and death.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is the medical name for a heart attack. Myocardial infarction occurs when the flow of the blood stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the Heart muscle. This is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the Coronary Arteries. A blockage can develop due to a buildup of plaque, a substance mostly made of cholesterol, fat, and cellular waste products and the other risk factors are like smoking, obesity, diabetes, alcohol intake, high blood pressure and poor diet etc. Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected myocardial infarction.

Cardiovascular surgery, also known as thoracic surgery, is a branch of medicine that involves the surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax and is performed on the heart or major vessels by cardiac surgeons. There are five different types of cardiac surgery. Heart bypass surgery Modern cardiothoracic surgery Transplantation of the heart Coronary artery bypass surgery Minimally invasive surgery and surgeries are performed to treat the complexity of ischemic heart disease, correct congenital heart disease, or treat vascular heart disease caused by a variety of causes such as endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Advances in cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques have greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. To avoid complications, the surgery necessitates postoperative care. Laceration care is required to avoid infection and scarring. As previously stated, swelling and loss of appetite are common. The most common type of heart surgery is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). CABG increases the flow of blood to the heart.

The cardiomyocyte development rate in the adult heart is limited, and no clinical curatives presently live to regenerate cardiomyocytes lost following ischemic injury. Cardiac rejuvenescence Short- term, controlled expression of nonsupervisory factors leads to partial reprogramming of cardiac myocytes. Cardiac muscle cells rewind their experimental program and thereby temporarily recapture their capability to divide.

An echocardiogram checks how your heart's chambers and faucets are pumping blood through your heart. An echocardiogram uses electrodes to check your heart meter and ultrasound technology to see how blood moves through your heart. An echocardiogram can help your croaker diagnose heart conditions. Although they both cover the heart, EKGs and echocardiograms are two different tests. An EKG looks for abnormalities in the heart's electrical impulses using electrodes. An echocardiogram looks for irregularities in the heart's structure using an ultrasound.

Clinical Cardiology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. Clinical Cardiology is a yearly peer- reviewed medical journal covering cardiology that was established in 1978. It's published by John Wiley & Sons and the editor- in- chief is A. John Camm. It's an sanctioned journal of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. Clinical cardiologists can diagnose, confirm and manage heart complaint. This is the specialist you need if you develop symptoms similar as angina or an abnormal heart meter or have a heart attack. A clinical cardiologist will coordinate your care with other croakers and surgeons, if necessary.

The branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with cardiovascular problems in the elderly is cardiogeriatrics, or geriatric cardiology.

In elderly people, cardiac conditions such as coronary heart disease, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation are normal and a significant cause of death. In elderly people, vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause severe morbidity and mortality.

The Division of Paediatrics Cardiology is responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, and electrophysiology studies, and for the on-going management of the sequel of heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. The various Inflammatory heart diseases include  Myocarditis, Kawasaki disease is a rare childhood illness that affects the blood vessels. There are also other Pericardial diseases that can present clinically as acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis. Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis. It is an inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart. These are the main inflammatory defects for Babies Heart.

• Cardiac Malformation
• Congenital Abnormalities
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndromes
• Auditory Stimulation Therapy
• Myocarditis

Cardiac imaging, also known as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is a medical imaging technology for the non-nosed assessment of the cardiovascular system's function and structure using a medical imaging technique with a branch of cardiovascular imaging that clarifies heart and vascular system cross-sectional imaging studies using computed tomography (CT or 'CAT') and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Both CT and MRI are non-invasive imaging modalities that, using a strong magnetic field, radio waves and a computer, produce detailed images of the structures within the heart. It is used to diagnose or monitor cardiac disease and determine the anatomy and function of the heart in patients with congenital heart disease. In order to ensure maximum diagnostic efficacy in medical treatment while also reducing medical exposure to ionising radiation, MUSC runs the most up-to - date, cutting-edge imaging equipment.

• Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
• Clinical uses of cardiac imaging
• Cardiac MRI
• Physician impairment
• Echocardiography
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Nuclear medicine imaging
• Coronary catheterization
• Noninvasive cardiac imaging
• Intravascular ultrasound

Implantable devices have been used for decades to treat heart disease. The first pacemaker was implanted over 40 years ago, and implantable defibrillators were first used in the early 1980s. But the last few years have witnessed a surge in both the types of devices being tested for heart-failure treatment, and in the optimism of experts about their usefulness.

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a microcomputer that is implanted under the skin of your upper chest area. It is small enough to fit in the palm of your hand. It monitors your heart rate and delivers therapy in the form of small electrical pulses. A cardiac resynchronization therapy implantable cardioverter defibrillator (CRT-D) is a type of specialized ICD used to treat heart failure. Getting a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) heart device is not an open-heart procedure. Before surgery, medication is usually given to make you sleepy and comfortable. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia.

Cardiology is the main part of medicine dealing with dysfunctions or malfunctioning and disorders of the heart. Heart is an important muscular organ that pumps blood to the body via circulatory system. Drugs that are used to treat all the disorders in body have a great impact on heart causing various adverse effects. Therefore, case reports on Diseases and Cardiac Arrest  have a great significance and help in development and advancing of treatment strategies.

Now days the death rate for cardiovascular diseases has increased in women than men. We thought that cancer is the main cause leading to raise death rate in women, but today cardiovascular diseases plays a main role to increase death rate in women.

Most Common women's cardiovascular diseases:

• Coronary artery disease
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Cardiomyopathy
• Congenital heart disease 
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Hypertension

Cardiac Problems during pregnancy:

• Myocardial infraction
• Hypertension
• Arrhythmias
• Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Heart murmurs are sounds such as whooshing or swishing of blood flow through the heart. These are detected by the doctors by using stethoscope during a physical exam.

Symptoms:

• Chest pain
• Chronic cough
• Shortness of breath
• Enlarge liver
• Dizziness
• Heavy sweating
• Fatigue

Types of heart murmurs:

1. Systolic heart murmurs
2. Diastolic heart murmurs
3. Continuous heart murmurs

Tests:

• Cardiac catheterization
• Chest x-ray
• Electrocardiography
• Echocardiography

Treatment:

    Anti- coagulants:  Aspirin, warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban and others.
    Diuretics:  Ethacrynic acid, furosemide, bumetanide.
    ACE inhibitors: captopril, enalapril, minopril fosinopril.
    Beta-blockers: propranolol, atenolol.

One or more of the valves in your heart doesn’t work in proper way can leads to heart valve diseases. Heart valves prevent backward flow of blood and keep the blood flow in correct direction. In some times heart valve doesn’t open or close properly, this leads to blood flow to the heart is disrupte

Symptoms:

• Heart murmurs
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Arrhythmias

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart diseases like coronary artery bypass grafting ,to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

• Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• Valve-Sparing Aortic Root Replacement
• Open heart surgery
• Trans myocardial Laser Revascularization
• Off-Pump Heart Surgery